![]() The formation of LBs always is connected with the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the generation of superoxide radical anions, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals. Importantly, the spread pattern of LBs pathology correlates with the progression of PD clinical symptoms, which is also the basis of the Braak staging system. Another pathological feature of PD is the formation of Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs), which are cytoplasmic spherical protein inclusion bodies mainly composed of α-synuclein (α-syn) ( Figure 1D). These DA neurons are required for normal motor function, the death of which lead to bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity. ![]() The pathological hallmark of PD is the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) ( Figure 1D). Upon ageing, PD patients exhibit worsening central nervous system (CNS) symptoms cultivating to defects in the motor system. Lastly, we summarize the preclinical and clinical therapies, especially targeting glia, in PD treatments. In addition, α-syn aggregation, iron deposition, and glial activation in regulating DA neuron ferroptosis in PD are covered. Particularly, the transmission of α-syn between neurons and glia, α-syn-induced glial activation, and feedbacks of glial activation on DA neuron degeneration are thoroughly discussed. This review addresses the current understanding of α-syn pathogenesis in PD, with a focus on neuron-glia crosstalk. Thus, gaining a better understanding of glia, especially neuron-glia crosstalk, will not only provide insight into brain physiology events but also advance our knowledge of PD pathologies. Importantly, amounting evidence has added glial activation and neuroinflammation as new features of PD onset and progression. Glia are more than mere bystanders that simply support neurons, they actively contribute to almost every aspect of neuronal development and function glial dysregulation has been implicated in a series of neurodegenerative diseases including PD. Pathologically, the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn)-composed Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs) are key hallmarks. The classical behavioral defects of PD patients involve motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity, as well as non-motor symptoms such as anosmia, depression, and cognitive impairment. Join us to have fun shopping for item that you desired today! Get amazing deals by shopping for item that you desired on our website.Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Browsing the wide selection of item that you desired on our website. Choosing item that you desired from online portal or mobile application are support in our website. When shopping item that you desired, don't forget to check out our other related deals. On AliExpress, shop for item that you desired with ease, so you can enjoy big price savings! You'll find multiple promotions on item that you desired happening daily, so you won't miss out on getting the savings. To top it all off, enjoy bigger savings by shopping item that you desired during a sale or promotion. Guess what, you can even find discount vouchers, coupons and other money saving deals of xmoto dirt bike plastics on AliExpress. Shop xmoto dirt bike plastics on AliExpress: With the multiple promotions of xmoto dirt bike plastics, you can get everything you need right from the comfort of your home. From the best match to number of orders or price, you can find the best item that you desired on AliExpress. You can come back anytime and find a whole new range of item that you desired. The related products of xmoto dirt bike plastics: When you saw something of xmoto dirt bike plastics, you can shop for it on AliExpress! You can also filter out items that offer free shipping to narrow down your search for xmoto dirt bike plastics! When you need more help to find the most popular item that you desired, all you need to do is sort by orders. Our reviews will help you find the best item that you desired. Reading reviews on item that you desired help to make safe purchases. You'll find real reviews of xmoto dirt bike plastics that will give you all the information you need to make a well-informed purchase decision. You can get a bunch of other information of xmoto dirt bike plastics on quality, price and tips that other shoppers have found helpful. The related information of xmoto dirt bike plastics: Find more deals on item that you desired online and shop safe with AliExpress.
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